In , Canadian Pacific separated into five separate and independent companies, with Canadian Pacific Railway returning to its origins as a railway company. CP, as it is branded today, has over 22, km of track across Canada and the United States.
This is the full-length entry about the Canadian Pacific Railway. One year later, British Columbia entered Confederation based in part on the promise that a transcontinental railway would connect it to the rest of Canada within 10 years see Railway History. In order to construct the railway and encourage future settlement, the government considered it necessary to extinguish Indigenous title to the land see Indigenous Territory.
Bound by the terms of the Royal Proclamation , Canada was responsible for both the protection of Indigenous people s and the preservation of their rights to unceded traditional territories. In order to procure land for the construction of the railway, a series of treaties, known as the Numbered Treaties , were negotiated.
Between and , Numbered Treaties 1 to 7, were established. The treaties enabled the construction of a national railway and opened the lands of the North-West Territories to agricultural settlement. Government negotiators made various promises to First Nation peoples in exchange for their traditional territory. These promises, which were made orally and in the written texts of the treaties, included special rights to treaty lands and the distribution of cash payments, hunting and fishing tools and farming supplies.
These terms of agreement are controversial and contested. The Numbered Treaties have ongoing legal and socioeconomic impacts on Indigenous communities.
Competition for the lucrative transcontinental railway contract was bitter. In in , shipping magnate and railway promoter Sir Hugh Allan was awarded the charter.
When this became public knowledge in , Sir John A. Macdonald 's government was forced to resign see Pacific Scandal. Macdonald returned to power in , with the completion of the railway as one facet of his National Policy. The railway contract was finally awarded to interests led by Donald A. Smith , J. Hill and George Stephen. The Canadian Pacific Railway was incorporated on 16 February These terms were loudly denounced by opposing interests at the time and remained contentious with the development of the Prairie West see History and Settlement in the Canadian Prairies.
However, in the face of American expansion westward, Macdonald and the federal Conservatives considered completion of the railway a national imperative. Under the management of W. Van Horne , construction was rapidly pressed across the plains. Sandford Fleming had recommended a route through the Yellowhead Pass but a more southerly route through Kicking Horse Pass was decided upon in Construction through the rock and muskeg of the Canadian Shield almost equalled in difficulty the engineering feats required to build through the mountains of British Columbia.
The difficulty in obtaining an adequate work force in British Columbia led to the controversial employment of thousands of Chinese workers see History of Labour Migration to Canada. Upward of 15, Chinese labourers helped to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Working in harsh conditions for little pay, these workers suffered greatly and historians estimate that at least died working on the railway. The employment of Chinese workers caused controversy, particularly in British Columbia, where politicians worried about the potential economic and cultural impact of these workers.
Did you know? When the CPR was finished in , the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act , which established a head tax for anyone of Chinese origin entering the country. Although sections of the track were not quite complete, the section from Callander to Port Arthur Thunder Bay , Ontario, was used to move troops westward during the North-West Resistance , though it was not quite complete. During construction, the CPR became involved in the sale and settlement of land , the acquisition of the Dominion Express Company and the acceptance of commercial telegraph messages We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits.
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